Wednesday, 22 August 2018

CIVICS FORM ONE TOPIC 6: FAMILY


Family members have rights depending on their status in the family. For instance, parents have rightslikebearing, guiding and advising children. They are also free to teach community values to their children and be respected by their children.
On the other hand, children have rights to basic and other needs such as food, shelter, clothes, education, health-care, rest and leisure. Their opinions are also supposed to be heard, they are to be given names and be registered, live with their parents, be protected from harm and be treated equally without discrimination.
Family stability
This is the situation where the family is firm, steady and not changing or disturbed in any way. In a stable family, there is trust, respect, harmony and good behaviour.
The Rights and Responsibilities of Each Member in the Family
Analyse the rights and responsibilities of each member in the family
Responsibilities of family members
A responsibility is a duty or a job someone has to do, and would be blamed if one fails to do it or does it wrongly. Each family member has his or her own duties for the benefit of the family and the community at large.
(a) Father
In most African societies, the father is the head of the family and therefore has more responsibilities than others. Such responsibilities include making decisions for the family and organizing family activities. He also provides security and requirements for family members like food, clothes and good shelter. Additionally, he teaches children customs and traditions of their community and maintains family discipline and peace.
(b) Mother
The mother always assists the father in maintaining the family. But in some societies, the mother plays a significant role in day-to-day family matters. She is the closest assistant and organizer of family activities. She also gives birth and cares for both her husband and children. Lastly, she is a bridge of love between parents and children as well as maintains family stability.
(c) Children
Children are an important component of the family and nation at large. They are good assistants in domestic work and in take care of younger siblings. Additionally, they are a bond of love and joy in a family. Therefore, they have to respect parents and elders, and learn from them.
Consequences of Failure by Family Members to Carry out Their Responsibilities
Assess the consequences of failure by family members to carry out their responsibilities
The consequences of failure by family members to carry out their responsibilities include the lack of basic needs. This is because children cannot get basic and other needs if their parents fail to work hard. It can also lead to family conflict, family breakdown and children becoming street kids. For instance, frequent misunderstandings cause quarrels and consequently, the absence of peace and security to family members. Finally, family instability may be witnessed aschildren may acquire bad habits and create trouble in the society.
Exercise 1
1. Define the following terms:
  1. Courtship
  2. Marriage
  3. Early marriage
Exercise 2
2. Marriage can be legally recognized, it has been established by:
  1. _______________________
  2. _______________________
  3. _______________________
Exercise 3
3. List any four (4) major causes of early marriage in your society
Exercise 4
4. Write True or False against the following statements:
  1. Poverty is one of the causes of early marriages
  2. HIV/AIDS can be the consequence of early marriage
  3. Children are responsible for feeding the family
  4. Mature marriage is always advantageous
Exercise 5
5. Pick and write the letter of the correct answer from the choices listed below. (The question is not clear. It appears some words are missing. Improve it)
  1. It prepares mates for adulthood
  2. It is a period of avoiding HIV
  3. It is a period of joy and love
  4. None of the above
Exercise 6
6. Are you ready to get married to someone? If Yes or No, give three reasons.
Exercise 7
7. What is a family?
Exercise 8
8. Name any three pillars of families found in your society
  1. _______________________
  2. _______________________
  3. _______________________
Exercise 9
9. What are the advantages of the nuclear family?
Exercise 10
10. What are the disadvantages of extended family?


Decision-making is a process of thinking to select a course of action from among many alternatives. A person can, through voting, decide who should be his/her leader. Again, one can decide whom to get married to and when. One can also decide when to start a business or which course to take in a college. On the other hand, responsible decision-making is the process of making the choice after considering all options available through a particular criterion.
The Meaning and Importance of Responsible Decision Making
Explain the meaning and importance of responsible decision-making
Decision-making is a continuous process in life. It helps in the development and management of material and human resources. It is the situation in which a person, who makes a decision, is accountable and takes the blame for the bad outcome of the decision. It happens when each member of the society feels obliged to participate in the formulation of policies, organising and developing resources to realise societal goals.
The power to make decisions is given to people who do certain tasks, like planning, formulating national policies or organising family matters for the betterment of the society. It depends greatly on experience, feelings, cognition, sensing, judgment, reasoning, instruction and sometimes the level of education and a person’s profession.
Rational decision—making
This involves reasoning and critical thinking before making decisions. It implies making a healthy decision.
Skills needed to Make Healthy Decisions
Illustrate skills needed to make healthy decisions
In making a healthy decision, there are clear steps to be followed so as to realise the intended goal. We propose seven steps as shown below:
  • First step:define the problem/identify the problem. We should ask ourselves if there is a problem and how we can solve it correctly. Also, identify the importance, urgency and magnitude of the problem so as to determine the resources needed to solve it.
  • Second step: generate possible solutions/alternatives
  • Third step: generate the criteria for assessing the objectives. Ask yourself: am I measuring the right thing? Find out if the merits outweigh the demerits of each alternative.
  • Fourth step: select the best solution/alternative, especially when the merits outweigh demerits. The decision made will be a healthy one.
  • Fifth step: implement the chosen alternative.
  • Sixth step: evaluate the success of the chosen alternative.
  • Seventh step: modify the decision and actions taken, based on the evaluation done in step six.
Levels in decision-making
There are three levels at which decisions are made, the family, community and national level.
  1. At family level: the members of a family (i.e. parents and children) are involved in making decisions on different matters. But in most cases, parents are the main decision makers because of their age, experience and authority.Some decisions, especially those which touch directly on the interests of children, must involve both children and parents. For example, if a father wants to buy something for his family, he must first seek the child’s willingness and preference before buying it. Therefore, it is important for family members to ask and respect each other’s opinions before making decisions.
  2. At community level: decision making at this level can be made by the people who are in power. These are people who have been given authority to make plans on behalf of other members of the community. On the other hand, some decisions are made by the whole community. The community members gather to discuss some matters, such as building hospitals, schools and roads.
  3. At national level:at this level, broad decisions are made, and important national issues are decided upon. There are some organs which share in making national decisions, these are: the parliament, which makes laws; the executive, which implements the laws and policies of the country, and the judiciary which interprets laws and see that justice prevails in the country.
Importance of making responsible decisions
It is important to make responsible decisions because it ensures the careful use of the limited resources for the betterment and development of the society. It also helps to build a sense of commitment to decisions made on behalf of the people.
Responsible decision brings a sense of making a collective effort, as one element of a democratic society. Finally, it develops a sense of equality and freedom.
Exercise 12
  • Responsible decision-making is the process of making the _______ (good/best/better) choice after considering all the available _______(decisions/options/criteria).
  • Decision making can be held at three levels: , _______ or _______
  • We need healthy decisions for development (True/False).
  • Mention the importance of making responsible decisions
Factors influencing behaviour
Factors which affect human behaviour are as explained below:
  • Influence of parents — Patenting styles influence the behaviour of children. Some characteristics are inherited by children from their parents, which influence behaviour, such as bravery, anger or aggression. Aggressive parents may influence their children’s behaviour. On the other hand, kind parents may transmit kindness to their children.
  • Peer group — Some behaviour are acquired by individuals from peer groups. These groups are found in schools, at workplaces, clubs and other places where people of the same interest and age meet, who may have different behaviours.
  • Influence of technology — Changes in technology, especially, communication technology, plays a major role in molding the behaviour of people, especially adolescents. Adolescents and children imitate and adopt a lot of things from the internet, videos, television, magazines and books.
  • Lack of employment — When people lack employment, they tend to get involved in improper behaviour such as robbery, rape, theft, drug abuse and smoking bhang (marijuana) or using some illegal drugs.
Activity 4
Observe and discuss with your friends the types of behaviours among the students that factors and influenced those behaviours
Exercise 13
1. Define the following terms:
  1. Behaviour
  2. Proper behaviour
  3. Decision-making
Exercise 14
2. List any five elements of proper behaviour:
  1. ______________________________
  2. ______________________________
  3. ______________________________
  4. ______________________________
  5. ______________________________
Exercise 15
3. What are the dangers of improper behaviour?
  1. ______________________________
  2. ______________________________
  3. ______________________________
Exercise 16
4._______ is not an element of improper behaviour.
  1. Corruption
  2. Stealing
  3. Believing
  4. Drug abuse
Exercise 17
5. Write “True” or “False” against the statements given below:
  1. Peers always influence their friends into bad behaviours
  2. Singing and dancing are elements of proper behaviour
  3. Religious teaching is one way to correct improper behaviour
  4. Corruption is an element of proper behaviour
  5. Going to school discourages proper behaviour
Exercise 18
6. List seven proposed steps needed in decision-making.
Exercise 19
7. How could a society correct improper behaviour?
Exercise 20
8. Mention any three advantages of making a responsible decision.
Exercise 21
9. Match the words in column A with the correct statement in column B
Column AColumn B
  1. Peer group
  2. Assertive
  3. Behaviour
  4. Misunderstanding
  5. Submissive
  1. the way a person does things
  2. factor influencing behaviour
  3. a kind person
  4. may lead to an aggressive outburst
  5. avoid any confrontation
  6. children playing outside the house
  7. consequence of improper behaviour
  8. selecting the best alternativeI. expressions to make others recognise one’s authority
  9. a school consisting of teachers and
Exercise 22
10. What is the difference between aggressive and avoidance types of behaviours?
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CIVICS FORM ONE TOPI 5: WORK


The Concept of Work
In any community, people engage in different activities in order to earn money so as to meet their basic needs. People do mental and physical activities to sustain their lives. There are those who make bricks for building houses. Some strive to stock their harvest, while others cultivate land communally for crop production. Some dance in jazz bands and others fish. All these activities are referred to as work
Meaning of Work
Define Work
Therefore, work can be defined as the use of physical strength and mental skills in making things or providing services. Examples of work include farming, brick-making, livestock-keeping, fishing, carpentry, trading, teaching, nursing patients, etc.
Exercise 1
Mention other types of work that you know.
Different Work Related Activities Done in the Community
Name different work related activities done in the community
Doing work
This is an obligation for all adults and able-bodied people to perform different tasks (work). People work to earn a living in different or related activities depending on their skills and abilities. However, some types of work are greatly influenced by the environment in which people live. For example, people who live beside rivers, lakes, or oceans tend to engage in fishing, like the people around Lake Victoria (e.g. Kerewe, Sukuma, Haya and Jita) but in areas which receive reliable rainfall and have fertile soil, free from pests and diseases, people engage in agricultural activities (e.g. Nyakyusa, Haya, Bena and Fipa).
Work-related activities
There are two main types of work related activities; namely, physical work and mental work.
Physical work-related activities
These are work-related activities that mostly involve the use of one’s physical strength, and include farming, lumbering, plumbing, carpentry, quarrying, mining, building and road construction.
Work and development
People struggle in their works in order to improve their living standards as well as to develop the nation.
Question Time 1
What is development?
Development is the process of changing the socio-economic situation from one stage to another, usually from lower to higher. It is concerned with changing living standards from a lower to a higher level. For instance, if one qualifies to join a secondary school from primary level studies, or if one succeeds in building two houses instead of the one as it was before. All these can be considered as development.
Types of development
There are two types of development, which are individual and national development. The indicator of individual development is having a good house, clothes, sufficient food, clean water, education and medical care. Other indicators include being able to solve problems and good relationship with other people. Having work and sufficient income, and being able to accumulate capital can also be considered as indicators of individual development.
On the other hand, national development is indicated by availability of employment to people, having enough sources of labour, build adequate infrastructure like tarmac roads and provide good quality education and other social services. It is also the country’s ability to create internal and external policies for running the country and the ability to implement them, and create internal and external markets, where people can sell their goods. Finally, is the country’s ability to do research on natural resources and the proper way of exploiting them for the benefit of the country.
Question Time 2
What is underdevelopment?
Underdevelopment is the condition of either staying stationary or going back from a more advanced stage to a lower standard of living. For example, having properties and selling all of them without having developed them or having a plot of land and keeping it for a long time without building a house or planting crops. There is individual and national underdevelopment.
Individual underdevelopment is indicated by the inability to provide for ones essentials like shelter, food, clothes together with other needs like education, health care, water and furniture. Also one remains idle all the time without doing anything to earn an income.
On the other hand, national underdevelopment may involve things such as limited number of skilled labourers, internal and external debts, low level of education, poor policies for running the country, bad and insufficient infrastructure. Also there is failure to safeguard and maintain national sovereignty and relying on external conditionals to run the country.
Exercise 2
Answer the following questions:
  1. What is development?
  2. Name two types of development.
  3. How can you know that in a certain place there is low standard of life.
  4. What are the indicators of underdevelopment?
 Importance of Work
The importance of work is directed to an individual when involving oneself at work for own benefit.
The Importance of Work for Self-Development
Explain the importance of work for self-development
Therefore, work is very important for self-development because it provides human beings with their basic needs, including food, clothing and shelter, and the source of income for an individual. For example, peasants earn money after selling part of their harvest, with which they are able to buy clothes, food and iron sheets for roofing their houses, as well as paying school fees for their children.
Work is also a means of social identity. For example, society identifies an individual as a teacher, a lawyer, a nurse, a driver, a trader or a peasant. Work also helps to promote the cultural aspects of some communities such as the Makonde carvings.
Work can be a source of foreign exchange. For example, mining produces a lot of minerals for export like gold, diamond and Tanzanite, which bring a lot of foreign currency to Tanzania, which are used to import other commodities from foreign countries. It can also be obtained from exporting cash crops, such as, cotton, coffee and tea.
Work helps to maintain the physical and mental health of individuals and, is a standard of moral belonging and God’s justice on earth. Work solves the problem of poverty. It also improves life standards of the individuals. Work helps to check crime or wrong doings, like killing, drug abuse or robbery. So with work, people are unlikely to engage in crime.
Through work, the production of goods and services at the individual level will greatly be increased, hence, boosts the economic and social status of an individual.
Work gives people a sense of dignity, self-worth and respect to a person. A person who works diligently is greatly respected in the society. Laziness brings disrespect and loss of dignity. Therefore, work stops people from being poor and improves their standard of living.
Work and the Development of the Nation
Relate work to the development of the nation
Importance of work to the development of the nation
The importance of work is directed to improvement of the life of the people in the country. Therefore, work is very important for the development of the nation because it helps to reduce the number of people who are unemployed and facilitates the utilization of material and human resources in the country. If all able-bodied people in a country are working, it is easy to bring rapid national development and maintain peace, security and stability.
Additionally, it is a source of national income and foreign currency. It helps the nation to provide public services such as water, education, electricity and medical care. Lastly, work helps in promoting proper moral behaviour in the society or the nation at large.
Activity 1
Observe one work-related activity around your school and explain how important it is for individual and nation development.
Exercise 3
A. Write “True or False” against the statements below:
  1. Fishing is mental work
  2. Teaching is not physical work
  3. Work gives a person respect
  4. No food without work
  5. Stealing is legal work
Exercise 4
B: Match the work-related activities with the correct type of services or goods produced
Work-related activitiesType of services or goods produced
  1. Teaching
  2. Carpentry
  3. Tourism
  4. Livestock-keeping
  5. Mining
  6. Banking
  1. leisure
  2. skin, meat, milk
  3. cooked food
  4. minerals
  5. provision of education
  6. rich people
  7. financial transactions
  8. transporting goods and people
  9. stealing money
  10. furniture
  11. grinding nuts
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MKATABA WA KUPANGISHA CHUMBA CHA BIASHARA(FREMU)

  MKATABA WA KUPANGISHA CHUMBA CHA BIASHARA(FREMU)   BAINA YA …………………………………………….. S.L.P ………….., -TANZANIA. Ambaye katika mkataba ...