Monday, 29 October 2018

DHANA YA VITAMKWA



UTANGULIZI
Vitamkwa, ni neno linalotokana na kitenzi ‘Tamka’ ambalo lina maana ya kitendo cha kutoa nje ye kinywa au pua ya mwanadamu sauti ambazo hutumika katika mazungumzo au usemi wowote uwao. (Kihole, Masamba na Hokororo, 2003).
Hivyo basi, vitamkwa ni sauti ambazo hutolewa na binadamu kupitia katika chemba ya kinywa na chemba za pua  kwa kufuata utaratibu maalumu. Utaratibu huu huhusu namna au jinsi ya kuzitoa sauti hizo na mahali pa kutolea sauti hizo.
Mfano:  [ p ] + midomo – mahali
               [ p ] + midomo ishikane na kuachana
Lakini pia sauti hizi zitamkwazo zaweza  kuwa ni konsonanti  na irabu (vokali).
Mfano:  [ b ], [ d ] kama konsonanti na [ e ],[ u ],[ i ] kama vokali au irabu.  
Vitamkwa, ni sauti zitumikazo katika lugha fulanina hujumuishwa kwa jina la Alfabeti ambazo ndani yake kuna konsonanti na irabu.  Mfano: a, b, c, d, e, f.
Kuna baadhi ya wataalamu mbalimbali ambao wameelezea sifa za vitamkwa na baadhi ya wataalamu hao ni pamoja na Romani Jackobson na Nikolaji Trubertzkoy.
Roman Jakobson,Ni raia wa Urusi(Russia) alizaliwa October 11,1896,Moscow na alifariki July18,1982.Cambrige alikuwa mwalimu wa Linguistic na ni mmoja wa waanzilishi wa Prague kwa kushirikiana na Halle walibainisha sifa Kinzani za lugha katika makund imawili ,Konsonanti na vokali na baadae makundi madogo manne Konsonanti halisi,Vokali,Vitambaza naViyeyusho kwa kutumia Nadharia ya Sifa Pambanuzi
Nikolaj Trubertzkoy,huyu nae ni raia wa Urusi(Russia)  Alizaliwa April,16,1890 mjini Moscow na kufariki  June,25,1938 alikuwa mwalimu wa masomo ya Historian a Kiingereza katika vyuo vikuu vya Moscow,Vienna na Sofia nchini urusi pia alikuwa mwanzilishi wa mawazo ya Prague.Mwaka 1969 alibainisha sifa za vitamkwa kwa kutumia Nadharia ya Upambanuzi au Nadharia ya Ukinzani Pambanuzi .zifuatazo ni tofauti za sifa za vitamkwa zilizoelezwa na Nikolaj Trubertzkoy na Roman Jakobson.
Trubertzkoy, alizibainisha sifa za vitamkwa kifonetiki na kifonolojia lakini alijikita zaidi katika Fonetiki kwani katika upambanuzi wake ametumia lugha mbalimbalikama; Kiingereza,Kijerumani na Kiswahili.Ilhali Jakobson alipendekeza sifa za vitamkwa kifonetiki na kifonolojia lakini alielemea zaidi katika sifa za vitamkwa kifonolojia katika lugha ya Kiswahili.Ambapo alielezea Konsonanti na Vokali za Kiswahili.
Nikolaj Trubertzkoy,ametumia Nadharia ya upambanuzi WakatiJakobson alitumia Nadharia ya Sifa Pambanuzi.
 Katika Nadharia ya Upambanuzi, Trubertzkoy madai yake ya msingi ya Nadhari yake ni kwamba pakiwa na Upambanuzi basi lazima patakuwepo na ukinzani.kwa mfano Ukinzani wa kiuwili ambapo jumla ya sifa bainifu zinazochangiwa na sauti mbili kinzani hupatikana katika sauti hizo mbili peke yake na si kwingineko.Mfano Vipasuo vya mdomo [P] na [b] katika Kiswahili ambavyo vinachangia sifa ya Vipasuo vya midomo, hakuna vipasuo vingine vinavyochangiansifa hiyo.LakiniKatika Nadharia ya Sifa Pambanuzi yake Roman Jakobson, anabainisha sifa za Kimatamshi dhidi ya Sifa Kiaukustika.Kwa mfano katika sifa za Kiaukustika anabainisha sifa ambazo ni;
Sifa ya Usononanti.
Hii ni sifa ambayo hujitokeza katika kutamka irabu na huwa na mguno mkubwa (vokali). Sifa hii ilitumiwa kubainisha sauti za konsonati na irabu. Katika ubainishaji wake, irabu ingeoneshwa kuwa na sifa ya usonoranti [ +usonoranti], lakini konsonanti ingeoneshwa kuwa si ya usonoranti [-usonoranti]. Mfano, kimadende na kitambaza /r/ na /l/ ni konsonanti lakini huwa na usonoranti [+usonoranti]. Nazali hupewa sifa ya usonoranti, /m/ na /n/ [+usonoranti], viyeyusho navyo pia hupewa sifa ya usonoranti, /w/ na /y/.  
 Sifa ya Uprotensi.
Sifa hii hutumiwa kutofautisha zile fonimu ambazo ni kaze. Sauti kaze, ni zile ambazo hutamkwa kwa kutumia nguvu nyingi na zinakaa muda mrefu zinapotamkwa. Mfano, sauti si ghuna huwa ni kaze (+kaze) Ilihali sauti si ghuna ni sauti si kaze (-kaze).
Mfano: sauti /t/ si ghuna kwa hivyo ni kaze (+kaze), fonimu /d/ ni ghuna kwa hivyo ni sauti si kaze (-kaze).
 Sifa ya Utoni
Hii ni dhana ambayo hutumiwa kuelezea uhusiano baina ya sauti mbili au zaidi za fonimu moja ambazo haziwezi kutokea katika mazingira sawa. Mfano, fonimu /k/ na /v/.
                        [k]                                    [v]
                       +Konsonanti                   +Konsonanti     
                       +Kizuiwa                        +Kikwamizwa   
                       +Kaka laini                     +Midomo meno
                       -Nazali                             -Nazali
                       -Ghuna                            +Ghuna
Katika kuzieleza sifa za Vitamkwa ,Trubertzkoy alielezea kwa kuzigawa sifa hizo katika Seti tatuza Ukinzani Pambanuzi ,seti hizo ni kama zifuatazo;
Seti ya kwanza,katika seti hii alizipambanua katika vipengele vinneambavyo ni; Ukinzani kiuwili,Ukinzani kiwingi, Ukinzani kiwiani na Ukinzani kipeke.
        i.            Ukinzani kiuwili, huu ni ukinzani ambao anaeleza kuwa Sifa mbili kinzani hupatikana katika sauti hizo mbili peke yake na si kwingineko.Mfano,vipasuo vya midomo  [P] na [b] katika Kiswahili ambavyo vinachangia sifa ya kuwa vipasuo vya kinywa vya midomo .ukinzani wake unajidhilisha katika kielelezo
            [p]                                                       [b]
+Kipasuo                                              +kipasuo
-ghuna                                                 +ghuna
      ii.            Ukinzani uwingi , ni ukinzani ambao unaeleza jumla ya sifa bainifu zinazochangiwa na sauti hizo huweza kupatikana katika seti ya sauti nyingine pia mfano herufi P na R ambazo zote zinachangia mkunjo wa upinda wa kuelekea kulia ,lakini sihizo tu balizipo na herufi nyingine kama herufi B na D ,hvyo ukinzani huo uhuhusicha herufi nyingi .
    iii.            Ukinzani kiwiani , ukinzani huu huelezae Sauti mbili zinazowiana na kukinzana na suti nyingine mbili zinazouwiana .mfano sauti [F] na [v], na ukinzana na [s] na [z] katika Kiswahili . tazama kielelezo hiki.
[f]           na         [v]                     [s]      na   [z]
        [+midomomeno ] [+midomomeno] [+ufizi]   [+ufizi].
ivUkinzani kipeke, ni ukinzani ambao ni wa kipekee kabisa. Mfano [r] na [l] kaika lugha ya kiingereza hakuna memba wengine wanaohusiana na uhusiano na wanamna hiyo . na katika lugha ya Kiswahili ukeli ni kwamba sauti [r] ni kimadende ambacho kipo peke yake pia sauti [l] ni kitambaza ambacho kipo peke yake pia .
Seti ya pili  ,katika seti hii Trubertzkoy ameigawa katika seti ndogo ndogo tatu ambazo ni seti ya kuzinzani kibinafsi, ukinzani kimwachano taratibu na ukinzani kisawa .
                    i.            Ukinzani kibinafsi , ni ukinzani ambao sauti moja inakuwa na alama ya ziada (sifa ya ziada) na suti nyingine inakuwa haina .mfano sauti moja inakuwa ghuna na nyingine inakuwa sighuna kama vile sauti [p] na sauti [b], pia sauti moja yaweza kuwa nazali na nyingine ikose sifa hiyo , kama vile sauti  [m] na [k] .
                  ii.            Ukinzani kimwachano taratibu ,ukinzani huu unaeleza kuwa memba wa seti wanapishana kwa viwango tofauti vya sauti ile ile, mfano sauti ya vokali [o] na [u] .  Tazama kielezo kifuatacho
              [o]                                      [u]
         +vokali                               +Vokali
        +Nyuma                              +Nyuma
        +Mviringo                           +Mviringo
        +Nusu juu                             +Juu 
iii Ukinzani wa kisawa, ukinzani wa memba wa kundi moja ni sawa na ukinzani baina ya kundi jingine.Kwa maana kwamba ukinzani wao si wa kupishana kwa viwango vya sifa ile ile.Mfano sauti [p]na [t],[f] na [k] katika lugha ya Kijerumani.



Seti ya tatu, hii ni seti  ambayo inaelezea  ukinzani imara  na ukinzani usio imara.Ukinzani imara ni ule ambao Usio badilifu,Mfano ni ukinzani baina ya sauti [t,d na l] ambazo zote  ni sauti za ufizi. Na  ukinzani usoimara ni ule ukinzani ulobadilifu yaani hubadilika . mfano katika mazingira ya sauti [l] hubadilika na kuwa sauti [d] katika mazingira ya kutanguliwa na Vokali [i] ,mfano  Ulimi-Ndimi.Hivyo sauti [l] si imara na sauti [d] ni imara.
Ilhali, Roman Jakobson  amependekeza sifa za vitamkwa katika makundi makuu mawili ambayo ni Kundi la sauti za Konsonanti na Kundi la sauti za vokali. Ambayo pia aliyagawa katika ,makundi madogo madogo manne.ambayo ni Konsonanti halisi,Vokali,Vitambaza na Viyeyusho.Mfano Konsonanti halisi huwa na sifa ya ukonsonanti pekee na hukosa sifa ya vokali.Kama vile fonimu /p/ .Vokali ni vokali peke yake bila kuwa na sifa ya konsonanti ,kama fonimu /a/, vitambaza ni muunganiko wa konsonanti na vokali, viyeyusho,hivi viko pekee havihusishi konsonanti wala vokali,kama /y/. Uainishaji huu una maana kwamba kuna sauti zinazochangia sifa kama inavyodhihirika katika mfano ufuatao.
 Konsonanti+Vitambaza      [+konsonanti]
 Konsonanti+Viyeyusho       [-Vokali]
 Vokali+Vitambaza              [+Vokali]
 Vokali+Viyeyusho               [-Konsonanti]
Hitimisho.
Kutokana na tofauti za sifa za vitamkwa zilizoelezwa na wataalamu hawa,pia kuna uhusiano wa sifa za vitamkwa kwa kigezo cha uwili.
                                 
   
 MAREJELEO.
Massamba,D.P.(2011).Maendeleo ya Sarufi ya Kiswahili.Nairobi: Phoenix Publishers
Matinde,R.S.(2012).Dafina ya Lugha Isimu na Nadharia.Mwanza: Serengeti Educational  
        Publishers
Mgullu,R.S.(2010).Mtalaa wa Isimu:Fonetiki,Fonolojia,na Mofolojia ya Kiswahili.Dar-es-
         salaam :Longhorn Publishers.
Hokororo J.I, Kihore Y.M, & Masamba D.P.B, (2003). Sarufi Miundo ya Kiswahili
         Sanifu.SAMIKISA.Dar-es Salaam: TUKI Publisher. 

METHALI 610 ZA KISWAHILI

METHALI MIA SITA NA KUMI (610)

1. Aanguaye huanguliwa.
2. Asiye sikia la mkuu, huvunjika guu.
3. Abebwaye hujikaza.
4. Adhabu ya kaburi aijuae maiti.
5. Adui aangukapo, mnyanyue.
6. Adui mpende.
7. Adui wa mtu ni mtu.
8. Afadhali ya Musa kuliko ya Firauna.
9. Ahadi ni deni.
10. Ajidhaniaye amesimama, aangalie asianguke.
11. Akiba haiozi.
12. Akili ni mali.
13. Akili ni nywele kila mtu ana zake.
14. Akili nyingi huondowa maarifa.
15. Akutukanae hakuchagulii tusi.
16. Akipenda chongo huita kengeza.
17. Akufaae kwa dhiki, ndiye rafiki.
18. Akufanyiaye ubaya, mlipe wema.
19. Akupaye kisogo si mwenzio.
20. Akutendaye mtende, mche asiyekutenda.
21. Alisifuye jua, limeuangaza.
22. Aliye juu msubiri chini.
23. Aliye kando, haangukiwi na mti.
24. Aliye kupa wewe kiti (kibao) ndiye aliye nipa mimi kumbi.
25. Aliye kutwika, ndiye atakaye kutua.
26. Akufukuzae hakwambii toka.
27. Aliyekupa mkeka ndiye aliyenipa kumbesa.
28. Amani haipatikani mpaka kwa ncha ya upanga.
29. Ana hasira za mkizi.
30. Anayekuja pasi na hodi, huondoka bila ya kuaga.
31. Angurumapo simba, mcheza ni nani?
32. Aninyimaye mbazi kanipunguzia mashuzi.
33. Apewaye ndiye aongezwaye.
34. Anaejipiga mwenyewe, halii.
35. Asifuye mvuwa imemnyea.
36. Asiye kubali kushindwa si mshindani.
37. Asiye kujua, hakuthamini.
38. Asiye kuwapo na lake halipo.
39. Asiye lelewa na mamae hulelewa na ulimwengu.
40. Asiye na mengi, ana machache.
41. Asiye uliza, hanalo ajifunzalo.
42. Asiyejua maana, haambiwi maana.
43. Atangaye na jua hujuwa.
44. Atangazaye mirimo, si mwana wa ruwari (Liwali).
45. Atekaye maji mtoni hatukani mamba.
46. Avumaye baharini papa kumbe wengi wapo.
47. Baada ya dhiki faraja.
48. Bahari hailindwi.
49. Bamba na waume ni bamba, hakuna bamba la mume.
50. Bandu bandu huisha gogo.
51. Baniani mbaya, kiatu chake dawa.
52. Bendera hufuata upepo.
53. Biashara asubuhi.
54. Bilisi wa mtu ni mtu.
55. Bora kinga kuliko tiba.
56. Bora lawama kuliko fedheha.
57. Bora mchawi kuliko fitina.
58. Biashara asubuhi.
59. Bora nusu shari kuliko shari kamili.
60. Bwawa limeingia ruba.
61. Cha mtu mavi.
62. Chaka la samba, halilali nguruwe.
63. Chamlevi huliwa na mgema.
64. Chanda chema huvikwa pete.
65. Chelewa chelewa, utakuta mtoto si wako.
66. Choko mchokoe pweza, binaadamu hutomuweza.
67. Chombo cha kuzama hakina usukani.
68. Chovya - chovya yamaliza buyu la asali.
69. Chui hakumbatiwi.
70. Chururu si ndo ndo ndo.
71. Dalili ya mvua mawingu.
72. Damu nzito kuliko maji.
73. Daraja livuke ulifikapo.
74. Dawa ya moto ni moto.
75. Daraja ukilibomoa, ujue kuogelea.
76. Dau la mnyonge haliendi joshi, likienda joshi ni matakwa ya Mungu.
77. Dawa ya moto ni moto.
78. Donda ndugu halina dawa.
79. Dua ya kuku haimpati mwewe.
80. Fadhila huna, hata hisani hukumbuki?
81. Fadhila ya nyuki ni moto.
82. Fadhila ya punda ni mateke (mashuz)
83. Fahari ya macho haifilisi duka.
84. Farasi hamuwawezi, tembo mtawalishani?
85. Fata nyuki ule asali.
86. Fimbo ya mbali haiui nyoka.
87. Fumbo mfumbe mjinga, mwerevu huligangua.
88. Funika kombe mwanakharamu apite.
89. Ganda la mua la jana, chungu kaona kivuno.
90. Gome la udi, si la mnuka uvundo.
91. Haba na haba, hujaza kibaba.
92. Haki ya mtu hailiki.
93. Hakuna masika yaso mbu.
94. Hakuna msiba usio na mwenziwe.
95. Hakuna siri ya watu wawili.
96. Hakuna ziada mbovu.
97. Hala hala mti na macho.
98. Hamadi ni ilio kibindoni, na silaha ni iliyo mkononi.
99. Hapana marefu yasio na mwisho.
100. Haraka haraka haina baraka.
101. haraka haraka haina baraka.
102. Haramu yako halali kwa mwenzio.
103. Hasidi hasada.
104. Hasidi mbaya.
105. Hasira, hasara.
106. Hatua ndefu hufupisha mwendo.
107. Hauchi hauchi, unakucha.
108. Hayawi hayawi, mara huwa.
109. Heri kufa macho kuliko kufa moyo.
110. Heri kujikwa kidole kuliko ulimi.
111. Heri nitakula na nini?, kuliko nitakula nini?
112. Heri ya marama kuliko kuzama.
113. Hiari ya shinda utumwa.
114. Hogo halihogoki mpaka kwa hogo jenziwe.
115. Hucheka kovu asiye kuwa na jeraha.
116. Ila ya kikwapa, kunuka pasipo kidonda.
117. Yaliyoopita si ndwele, ganga yajayo.
118. Iliyo jaa ndiyo ipunguzwayo.
119. Imara ya jembe kaingojee shambani.
120. Jambo usilolijua, usiku wa giza.
121. Jina jema hungara gizani.
122. Jini likujualo halikuli likakwisha.
123. Jino la pembe si dawa ya pengo.
124. Jitihada haiondoi kudura.
125. Jitihadi haiondoi kudura.
126. Jogoo la shamba haliwiki mjini.
127. Jungu kuu, halikosi ukoko.
128. Jununu fununu.
129. Kafiri akufaaye, si muislamu asiye kufaa
130. Kafiri akufaye si Isilamu asiyekufa.
131. Kama hujui kufa,tazama kaburi.
132. Kama wewe wasema cha nini, mwezio asema nitakipata lini.
133. Kamba hukatika pabovu.
134. Kanga hazai ugenini.
135. Kawaida ni kama sheria.
136. Kawia ufike.
137. Kazi mbaya siyo mchezo mwema.
138. Kelele za chura hazimzuwii ng'ombe kunywa maji.
139. Kelele za mlango haziniwasi usingizi (Kelele za mlango hazimuudhi mwenye nyumba)
140. Kenda karibu na kumi.
141. Kesho kesho, kesho kiama.
142. Kiburi si maungwana.
143. Kibuzi na kibuzi hununua jahazi.
144. Kichango kuchangizana.
145. Kidole kimoja hakivunji chawa.
146. Kikulacho ki nguoni mwako.
147. Kikushindacho kukila usikitie ila.
148. Kila chombo kwa wimblile.
149. Kila mbwa hubwekea mlangoni kwao.
150. Kila mlango na ufunguwo wake.
151. Kila mtoto na koja lake.
152. Kila mtu huzikwa na kaburi lake.
153. Kila mtu na bahati yake.
154. Kila mwamba ngoma ,ngozi huivuta kwake.
155. Kila mtu hulilia mamae.
156. Kila ndege huruka kwa ubawa wake.
157. Kila shetani na mbuyu wake.
158. Kilimia kikizama kwa jua, huzuka kwa mvua, na kikizama kwa mvua, huzuka kwa jua.
159. Kilio huanza mfiwa ndipo wa mbali wakaingia.
160. Kimya kingi kina mshindo mkubwa.
161. Kinga na kinga ndipo moto uwakapo.
162. Kingiacho mjini si haramu.
163. Kinyozi hajinyoi.
164. Kinywa ni jumba la maneno.
165. Kipendacho moyo dawa.
166. Kipofu hasahau mkongojo wake.
167. Kipya kinyemi ingawa kidonda.
168. Kisebusebu na kiroho papo.
169. Kisokula mlimwengu, sera nale.
170. Kisokula mlimwengu,sera nale.
171. Kisu kimenifika mfupani.
172. Kitanda usicho kilalia hukijui kunguni wake.
173. Kitumbua kimeingia mchanga.
174. Kivuli cha fimbo hakimfichi mtu jua.
175. Kiwi cha yule ni chema cha; hata ulimwengu uwishe.
176. Kizuri chajiuza kibaya chajitembeza.
177. Konzi ya maji, haifumbatiki.
178. Konzo ya maji haifumbatiki.
179. Kosa moja haliachi mke.
180. Kozi mwandada, kulala na njaa kupenda.
181. Kuagiza kufyekeza.
182. Kuambizana kuko kusikilizana hapana.
183. Kucha M'ngu si kilemba cheupe.
184. Kuchamba kwingi, kuondoka na mavi.
185. Kufa kufaana.
186. Kufa kwa jamaa, harusi.
187. Kufa kwa mdomo,mate hutawanyika.
188. Kufanaya kosa sio kosa, kosa ni kurudia kosa.
189. Kuishi kwingi, kuona mengi.
190. Kujikwa si kuanguka,bali ni kwenda mbele.
191. Kujikwaa si kuanguka, bali ni kwenda mbele.
192. Kukopa harusi kulipa matanga.
193. Kukopa harusi, kulipa matanga.
194. Kuku havunji yai lake.
195. Kuku mgeni hakosi kamba mguuni.
196. Kula kutamu ,kulima mavune.
197. Kulea mimba si kazi kazi kulea mwana.
198. Kukopa harusi, kulipa matanga.
199. Kumuashia taa kipofu ni kuharibu mafuta.
200. Kunako matanga kume kufa mtu.
201. Kunguru mwoga hukimbiza mbawa zake.
202. Kupanda mchongoma, kushuka ndio ngoma.
203. Kupata si werevu, na kukosa si ujinga.
204. Kupoteya njia ndiyo kujua njia.
205. Kurambaramba ndio kula, kunenepa kwake Mola.
206. Kusikia si kuona.
207. Kutangulia si kufika.
208. Kutoa ni moyo usambe ni utajiri.
209. Kutu kuu ni la mgeni.
210. Kuugua sio kufa.
211. Kuvuja kwa pakacha nafuu ya mchukuzi.
212. Kuzima koleo si mwisho wa uhunzi.
213. Kwa mwoga huenda kicheko na kwa shujaa huenda kilio.
214. Kweli ilio chungu, si uongo ulio mtamu.
215. Kwenda mbio siyo kufika.
216. Kwenye miti hakuna wajenzi.
217. La kuvunda halina rubani.
218. La kuvunda halina ubani.
219. Lake mtu halimtapishi bali humchefua.
220. Leo kwako, kesho kwa mwenzio.
221. Leo ni leo asemayo kesho ni mwongo.
222. Liandikwalo ndiyo liwalo.
223. Lila na fila hazitangamani.
224. Lipitalo, hupishwa .
225. Lisemwalo lipo,ikiwa halipo laja.
226. Lisilo na mkoma, hujikoma lilo.
227. Lisilokuwapo moyoni, halipo machoni.
228. Maafuu hapatilizwi.
229. Macho hayana pazia.
230. Mafahali wawili hawakai zizi moja.
231. Maiti haulizwi sanda.
232. Maji hayapandi mlima.
233. Maji hufuata mkondo.
234. Maji ukiyavuliya nguo huna budi kuyaoga.
235. Maji usiyoyafika hujui wingi wake.
236. Maji ya kifuu, bahari ya chungu.
237. Maji yakijaa hupwa.
238. Maji yakimwagika hayazoleki.
239. Maji yamenifika shingoni.
240. Majuto ni mjukuu.
241. Mali ya bahili huliwa na wadudu.
242. Mama ni mama, hata kama ni rikwama.
243. Mama nipe radhi kuishi na watu kazi.
244. Mambo kunga.
245. Manahodha wengi chombo huenda mrama.
246. Maneno makali hayavunji mfupa.
247. Maneno mazuri humtowa nyoka pangoni.
248. Maneno si mkuki.
249. Mapenzi ni kikohozi, hayawezi kufichika.
250. Masikini akipata matako hulia mbwata.
251. Masikini haokoti,akiokota huambiwa kaiba.
252. Masikini na mwanawe tajiri na mali yake.
253. Maskini hana kinyongo.
254. Mavi usioyala, wayawingiani kuku?
255. Mavi ya kale hayanuki.
256. Mbinu hufuata mwendo.
257. Mbio za sakafuni huishia ukingoni.
258. Mbiu ya mgambo ikilia kuna jambo.
259. Mchagua jembe si mkulima.
260. Mchagua nazi hupata koroma.
261. Mchagua nazi si mfuaji.
262. Mchakacho ujao,halulengwi na jiwe.
263. Mchama ago hanyeli,huenda akauya papo.
264. Mchamba kwingi mara ujitia dole.
265. Mcheka kilema hafi bila kumpata.
266. Mchele mmoja mapishi mengi.
267. Mchelea mwana kulia hulia yeye..
268. Mcheza hawi kiwete, ngoma yataka matao.
269. Mcheza kwao hutuzwa.
270. Mcheza na tope humrukia.
271. Mchezea mavi, hayaachi kumnuka.
272. Mchezea zuri, baya humfika.
273. Mchimba kisima hungia mwenyewe.
274. Mchonga mwiko hukimbiza mkono wake.
275. Mchuma janga hula na wakwao.
276. Mchumia juani,hulia kivulini.
277. Mdharau biu, hubiuka yeye.
278. Mdharau mwiba humchoma.
279. Meno ya mbwa hayaumani.
280. Mfa maji haachi kutapatapa.
281. Mfa maji hukamata maji.
282. Mficha uchi hazai.
283. Mfinyazi hulia gaeni.
284. Mfuata nyuki hakosi asali.
285. Mfukuzwa kwao hana pakwenda.
286. Mgaagaa na upwa hali ugari kande.
287. Mganga hajigangi.
288. Mgema akisifiwa tembo hulitia maji.
289. Mgeni ni kuku mweupe.
290. Mgeni njoo mwenyeji apone.
291. Mgomba haushindwi na mkunguwe.
292. Mgonjwa haulizwi uji.
293. Miye nyumba ya udongo, sihimili vishindo.
294. Mjinga akierevuka mwerevu yupo mashakani.
295. Mjinga mpe kilemba utamuona mwendowe.
296. Mjumbe hauawi.
297. Mkaidi hafaidi mpaka siku ya idi.
298. Mkamatwa na ngozi ndiye mwizi.
299. Mkamia maji hayanywi.
300. Mkamia maji hayanywi.
301. Mkataa la mkuu huvunjika guu.
302. Mkataa wengi ni mchawi.
303. Mkataa ya Musa hupata ya Firauna.
304. Mke ni nguo, mgomba kupalilia.
305. Mkono moja hauchinji ng'ombe.
306. Mkono moja haulei mwana.
307. Mkono mtupu haulambwi.
308. Mkono usioweza kuukata,ubusu.
309. Mkosa kitoweo humangiria.
310. Mkuki kwa nguruwe, kwa mwanadamu uchungu.
311. Mkulima ni mmoja walaji ni wengi.
312. Mla cha mwenziwe na chake huliwa.
313. Mla cha uchungu na tamu hakosi.
314. Mla kuku wa mwenziwe miguu humwelekea.
315. Mla mbuzi hulipa ngombe.
316. Mla mla leo mla jana kala nini?
317. Mla nawe hafi nawe ila mzaliwa nawe.
318. Mlala na maiti haachi kulia lia.
319. Mlenga jiwe kundini hajui limpataye.
320. Mlimbua nchi ni mwananchi.
321. Mnyamaa kadumbu.
322. Mnywa maji kwa mkono mmoja,Kiu yake i pale pale.
323. Moja shika, si kumi nenda urudi.
324. Moto hauzai moto.
325. Mpanda farasi wawili hupasuka msamba.
326. Mpanda ngazi hushuka.
327. Mpanda ovyo hula ovyo.
328. Mpemba akipata gogo hanyii chini.
329. Mpemba hakimbii mvua ndogo.
330. Mpende akupendae asiyekupenda achana naye.
331. Mpiga ngumi ukuta huumiza mkonowe.
332. Mpofuka ukongweni,hapotewi na njia.
333. Msafiri kafiri.
334. Msafiri masikini ajapokuwa sultani.
335. Msasi haogopi mwiba.
336. Msema kweli hukimbiwa na rafiki zake.
337. Msema pweke hakosi.
338. Mshika kisu, hashiki makalini.
339. Mshale kwenda msituni haukupotea.
340. Mshoni hachagui nguo.
341. Msi bahati, habahatishi.
342. Msi mbele, hana nyuma.
343. Msishukuru mja, hamshukuru Molawe.
344. Msitukane wagema na ulevi ungalipo.
345. Msitukane wakunga na uzazi ungalipo.
346. Mstahimilivu hula mbivu.
347. Mtaka cha mvunguni sharti ainame.
348. Mtaka lake hasindwi.
349. Mtaka nyingi nasaba hupata mwingi msiba.
350. Mtaka unda haneni.
351. Mtaka uzuri hudhurika.
352. Mtaka yote hukosa yote.
353. Mtegemea nundu haachi kunona.
354. mtegemea nundu, haachi konona.
355. Mtego bila ya chambo, haunasi.
356. Mtembezi hula miguu yake.
357. Mteuzi heshi tamaa.
358. Mti hauwendi ila kwa nyenzo.
359. Mtondoo haufi maji.
360. Mtoto akililia wembe mpe.
361. Mtoto umleyavyo ndivyo akuavyo.
362. Mtoto wa nyoka ni nyoka.
363. Mtu hakatai mwito,hukata aitwalo.
364. Mtu hujikuna ajipatapo.
365. Mtu huulizwa amevaani ,haulizwi amekulani.
366. Mtumai cha ndugu hufa masikini.
367. Mtumi wa kunga haambiwi maana.
368. Mtumikie kafiri upate mradi wako.
369. Mtupa jongoo hutupa na mti wake.
370. Muhitaji khanithi walau kana rijaali.
371. Muiba yai leo kesho hua mwizi wa ng'ombe.
372. Mume wa mama ni baba.
373. Mungu hamfichi mnafiki.
374. Mungu si asumani.
375. Muonja asali haonji mara moja.
376. Muuza sanda, mauti kwake harusi.
377. Mvua nguo, huchutama.
378. Mvumbika changa hula mbovu.
379. Mvumbika pevu hula mbivu na mvumbika changa hula mbovu.
380. Mvungu mkeka.
381. Mvunja nchi ni mwananchi.
382. Mvuvi ajuwa pweza alipo.
383. Mwacha asili ni mtumwa.
384. Mwamba na wako hukutuma umwambiye.
385. Mwamini Mungu si mtovu.
386. Mwana maji wa kwale kufa maji mazowea.
387. Mwana mkuwa nawe ni mwenzio kama wewe.
388. Mwana simba ni simba.The child of lion is a lion.
389. Mwana wa kuku hafunzwi kuchakura.
390. Mwana wa mtu ni kizushi, akizuka, zuka naye.
391. Mwanga mpe mtoto kulea.
392. Mwangaza mbili moja humponyoka.
393. Mwanzo kokochi mwisho nazi.
394. Mwanzo wa chanzo ni chane mbili.
395. Mwanzo wa ngoma ni lele.
396. Mwapiza la nje hupata la ndani.
397. Mwekaji kisasi haambiwi mwerevu.
398. Mwenda bure si mkaa bure,huenda akaokota.
399. Mwenda mbio hujikwa kidole.
400. Mwenda omo na tezi marejeo ni ngamani.
401. Mwenda pole hajikwai.
402. Mwenda wazimu hapewi panga.
403. Mwenda wazimu hapoi, bali hupata nafuu.
404. Mwenye haja hwenda chooni.
405. Mwenye kelele hana neno.
406. Mwenye kovu usidhani kapowa.
407. Mwenye kubebwa hujikaza.
408. Mwenye kuchinja hachelei kuchuna.
409. Mwenye kuumwa na nyoka akiona jani hushtuka.
410. Mwenye macho haambiwi tazama.
411. Mwenye mdomo hapotei.
412. Mwenye nguvu mpishe.
413. Mwenye njaa hana miko.
414. Mwenye pupa hadiriki kula tamu.
415. Mwenye shibe hamjui mwenye njaa.
416. Mwenye shoka hakosi kuni.
417. Mwenye tumbo ni tumbole, angafunga mkaja.
418. Mwenzako akinyolewa wewe tia maji.
419. Mwibaji na watwana, mlifi ni mwungwana.
420. Mwili wa mwenzio ni kando ya mwilio.
421. Mwizi hushikwa na mwizi mwenziwe.
422. Mwomba chumvi huombea chunguche.
423. Mwosha hadhuru maiti.
424. Mwosha huoshwa.
425. Mwosha husitiri maiti.
426. Mzaha,mzaha, mara hutumbuka usaha.
427. Mzazi haachi ujusi.
428. Mzigo usiouweza unaubebea nini?
429. Mzigo Wa mwenzio ni kanda Ia usufi.
430. Mzika pembe ndiye mzua pembe.
431. Mzowea kutwaa, kutoa ni vita.
432. Mzowea vya kunyonga, vya kuchinja haviwezi.
433. Mzungu Wa kula hafundishwi mwana.
434. Nahodha wengi, chombo huenda mrama.
435. Nani kama mama?
436. Natuone ndipo twambe, kusikia Si kuona.
437. Nazi haishindani na jiwe.
438. Nazi mbovu harabu ya nzima.
439. Ndege mjanja hunaswa na tundu bovu.
440. Ndege mwigo hana mazowea.
441. Ndevu sio shani, hata beberu anazo.
442. Ndugu chungu, jirani mkungu.
443. Ndugu mwui afadhali kuwa naye.
444. Ndugu wakigombana, chukua jembe ukalime, wakipatana chukua kikapu ukavune.
445. Ngoja! ngoja? huumiza matumbo.
446. Ngoma ivumayo haidumu.
447. Ngoma ivumayo haikawii kupasuka.
448. Ngoma ya kitoto, haikeshi.
449. Ng'ombe avunjikapo guu hurejea zizini.
450. Ng'ombe haelemewi na nunduye.
451. Ngombe wa Maskini hazai.
452. Ngozi ivute ili maji. ( Udongo upate uli maji )
453. Nguo ya kuazima, Haistiri matako.
454. Nia njema ni tabibu, nia mbaya huharibu.
455. Nifae na mvua nikufae na jua.
456. Nimekula asali udogoni, utamu ungali gegoni.
457. Nimekupaka wanja, wewe wanipaka pilipili.
458. Nimerejesha kikombe na kisahani chake.
459. Njia ya muongo fupi.
460. Njia ya mwongo ni fupi.
461. Njia ya siku zote haina alama.
462. Nta Si asali; nalikuwa nazo Si uchunga.
463. Nyani haoni kundule, huliona la mwenziwe.
464. Nyani haoni kundule.
465. Nyimbo mbaya haibembelezewi mtoto.
466. Nyimbo ya kufunzwa haikeshi ngoma.
467. Nyongeza huenda kwenye chungu.
468. Nyota njema huonekana asubuhi.
469. Nyumba usiyolala ndani huijui ila yake.
470. Nyumba ya udongo haihimili vishindo.
471. Nzi kufa juu ya kidonda Si haramu. (Jihadi ya nzi, kufa kidondani)
472. Ondoa dari uwezeke paa.
473. Pabaya pako Si pema pa mwenzako.
474. Padogo pako Si pakubwa pa mwenzako.
475. Painamapo ndipo painukapo.
476. Paka akiondoka, panya hutawala.
477. Paka hakubali kulala chali.
478. Paka hashibi kwa wali, matilabaye ni panya.
479. Paka wa nyumba haingwa.
480. Panapo wengi hapaharibiki neno.
481. Papo kwa papo kamba hukata jiwe.
482. Pele hupewa msi kucha.
483. Pema usijapo pema; ukipema Si pema tena.
484. Penye kuku wengi usimwage mtama.
485. Penye mafundi, hapakosi wanafunzi.
486. Penye mbaya wako, hapakosi mwema wako/na mwema wako hakosi.
487. Penye miti hakuna wajenzi.
488. Penye nia pana njia.
489. Penye urembo ndipo penye urimbo.
490. Penye wazee haliharibiki neno.
491. Penye wengi pana mengi.
492. Penye wengi pana Mungu.
493. Pilipili usoila, wewe inakuwashia nini?
494. Pole pole ndio mwendo.
495. Pwagu hupata pwaguzi.
496. Radhi ni bora kuliko mali .
497. Radhi za wazee, ni fimbo.
498. Sahani iliyofunikwa, kilichomo kimesitirika.
499. Sahau ni dawa ya Waja.
500. Samaki mmoja akioza, huoza wote.
501. Samaki mpinde angali mbichi.
502. Shida haina hodi.
503. Shida huzaa maarifa.
504. Shika! Shika! na mwenyewe uwe nyuma.
505. Shimo Ia ulimi mkono haufutiki.
506. Shoka lisilo mpini halichanji kuni.
507. Si kila king'aacho ni dhahabu.
508. Si kila mwenye makucha huwa simba.
509. Si Mungu mtupu na mkono wa mtu.
510. Sikio halilali na njaa.
511. Sikio halipwani kichwa. (Sikio halipiti kichwa).
512. Sikio Ia kufa halisikii dawa.
513. Siri ya mtungi aijuaye ni kata.
514. Sitaacha kula mkate kwa kuogopa kiungulia.
515. Siku njema huonekana asubuhi.
516. Siku utakayokwenda uchi, ndiyo siku utakayokutana na mkweo.
517. Siku ya kufa nyani, miti yote huteleza.
518. Siku za mwizi, arubaini.
519. Simba mwenda kimya (pole) ndiye mla nyama.
520. Simbiko haisimbuki ila kwa msukosuko.
521. Sio shehe bali ni shehena.
522. Siri ya maiti aijuaye muosha.
523. Sitafuga ndwele na waganga tele.
524. Sitapiki nyongo harudi haramba.
525. Subira ni ufunguo Wa faraja.
526. Sumu mpe paka, mbuzi utamdhulumu.
527. Sumu ya neno ni neno.
528. Tabia ni ngozi ya mwili.
529. Tamaa mbele, mauti nyuma.
530. Taratibu ndio mwendo.
531. Tawi kavu kuanguka si ajabu.
532. Teke Ia kuku halimuumizi mwanawe
533. Tonga si tuwi
534. Tunda jema halikawii mtini.
535. Ucheshi wa mtoto ni anga Ia nyumba.
536. Ujuzi hauzeeki.
537. Uchungu wa mwana, aujue mzazi.
538. Udongo uwahi ungali maji (Udongo upate uli maji)
539. Udugu wa nazi hukutania chunguni (Udugu wa nazi hukutana pakachani)
540. Uji hajauonja, tayari ushamuunguza
541. Ukenda kwa wenye chongo, fumba lako jicho.
542. Ukimpa shubiri huchukua pima.
543. Ukimuiga tembo kunya, utapasuka mkundu.
544. Ukimwamsha alolala utalala weye.
545. Ukinyofoa mnofu, ukumbuke kuguguna mfupa.
546. Ukiona kwako kunaungua kwa mwenzako kunateketea.
547. Ukiona moshi, chini kuna moto.
548. Ukiona neno, usiposema neno, hutapatikana na neno.
549. Ukiona vinaelea, vimeundwa.
550. Ukiona zinduna, na ambari iko nyuma.
551. Ukistahi mke ndugu, huzai nae.
552. Ukitaja nyoka, shika fimbo mkononi.
553. Ukitaka kula nguruwe, chagua aliye nona.
554. Ukitaka salama ya dunia, zuia ulimi wako.
555. Ukiujua wa mbele, nina ujua wa nyuma.
556. Ukupigao ndio ukufunzao.
557. Ukuukuu wa kamba Si upya wa ukambaa.
558. Ulimi hauna mfupa.
559. Ulimi unauma kuliko meno.
560. Ulipendalo hupati, hupata ujaaliwalo.
561. Ulivyoligema, utalinywa.
562. Umeadimika kama la jogoo.
563. Umegeuka mung'unye waharibika ukubwani.
564. Umejigeuza pweza, unajipalia makaa?
565. Umekuwa bata akili kwa watoto?
566. Umekuwa nguva, huhimili kishindo?
567. Umeruka mkojo unakanyaga mavi.
568. Umoja ni nguvu na utengano ni udhaifu.
569. Unajenga kwa mwenzio na kwako kunaporomoka!!
570. Unakuja juu kama moto wa kifuu.
571. Unamlaumu mwewe, kipanga yuwesha kuku.
572. Ungalijua alacho nyuki, usingalionja asali.
573. Ushikwapo shikamana (Ukibebwa usijiachie).
574. Usiache kunanua kwa kutega.
575. Usiache mbachao kwa msala upitao.
576. Usiache tawi kabla ya kushika tawi.
577. Usiandikie mate na wino ungalipo
578. Usicheze na simba, ukamtia mkono kinywani.
579. Usijifanye kuku mweupe.
580. Usikaange mbuyu ukawaachia wenye meno
581. Usile na kipofu ukamgusa rnkono.
582. Usimgombe mkwezi, nazi imeliwa na mwezi.
583. Usiniache njia panda.
584. Usinikumbushe kilio matangani.
585. Usinipake mafuta kwa nyuma ya chupa.
586. Usinivishe kilemba cha ukoka.
587. Usione simba kapigwa na mvua.
588. Usipoziba ufa utajenga ukuta.
589. Usisafirie nyota ya mwenzio.
590. Usisahau ubaharia kwa sababu ya unahodha.
591. Usishindane na Kari; Kari ni mja wa Mungu.
592. Usitukane wagema na ulevi ungalipo.
593. Usitukane wakunga na uzazi 'ungalipo.
594. Utakosa mtoto na maji ya moto.
595. Usiyavuke maji usiyoweza kuyaoga.
596. Utaula na chua kwa uvivu wa kuchagua.
597. Vita havina macho.
598. Vita si lele mama.
599. Vita vya panzi, neema ya kunguru
600. Waarabu wa pemba, hujuana kwa vilemba
601. Wache waseme.
602. Wafadhilaka wapundaka.
603. Wagombanao ndio wapatanao.
604. Watu wanahisabu nazi, wewe unahisabu makoroma.
605. Wapiganapo tembo wawili ziumiazo ni nyasi.
606. Watetea ndizi, mgomba si wao.
607. Wazuri haweshi.
608. Wema hauozi..
609. wengi wape.
610. Zinguo la mtukufu, ni ufito.

The Cold War (1945-1989) essay

The Cold War (1945-1989) essay

The Cold War is considered to be a significant event in Modern World History. The Cold War dominated a rather long time period: between 1945, or the end of the World War II, and 1990, the collapse of the USSR. This period involved the relationships between two superpowers: the United States and the USSR. The Cold War began in Eastern Europe and Germany, according to the researchers of the Institute of Contemporary British History (Warner 15).  Researchers state that “the USSR and the United States of America held the trump cards, nuclear bombs and missiles” (Daniel 489). In other words, during the Cold War, two nations took the fate of the world under their control. The progression of the Cold War influenced the development of society, which became aware of the threat of nuclear war. After the World War II, the world experienced technological progress, which provided “the Space Race, computer development, superhighway construction, jet airliner development, the creation of international phone system, the advent of television, enormous progress in medicine, and the creation of mass consumerism, and many other achievements” (Daniel 489). Although the larger part of the world lived in poverty and lacked technological progress, the United States and other countries of Western world succeeded in economic development. The Cold War, which began in 1945, reflected the increased role of technological progress in the establishment of economic relationships between two superpowers.   The Cold War involved internal and external conflicts between two superpowers, the United States and the USSR, leading to eventual breakdown of the USSR.
  1. The Cold War: background information
The Cold War consisted of several confrontations between the United States and the USSR, supported by their allies. According to researchers, the Cold War was marked by a number of events, including “the escalating arms race, a competition to conquer space, a dangerously belligerent for of diplomacy known as brinkmanship, and a series of small wars, sometimes called “police actions” by the United States and sometimes excused as defense measures by the Soviets” (Gottfried 9). The Cold War had different influences on the United States and the USSR. For the USSR, the Cold War provided massive opportunities for the spread of communism across the world, Moscow’s control over the development of other nations and the increased role of the Soviet Communist party.
In fact, the Cold War could split the wartime alliance formed to oppose the plans of Nazi Germany, leaving the USSR and the United States as two superpowers with considerable economic and political differences. The USSR was based on a single-party Marxist–Leninist system, while the United States was a capitalist state with democratic governance based on free elections.
The key figure in the Cold War was the Soviet leader Gorbachev, who was elected in 1985. He managed to change the direction of the USSR, making the economies of communist ruled states independent. The major reasons for changing in the course were poor technological development of the USSR (Gottfried 115). Gorbachev believed that radical changes in political power could improve the Communist system. At the same time, he wanted to stop the Cold War and tensions with the United States. The cost of nuclear arms race had negative impact on the economy of the USSR. The leaders of the United States accepted the proposed relationships, based on cooperation and mutual trust. The end of the Cold War was marked by signing the INF treaty in 1987 (Gottfried 115).
  • The origins of the Cold War
Many American historians state that the Cold War began in 1945. However, according to Russian researchers, historians and analysts “the Cold War began with the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, for this was when the capitalist world began its systematic opposition to and effort to undermine the world’s first socialist state and society” (Warner13). For Russians, the Cold War was hot in 1918-1922, when the Allied Intervention policy implemented in Russia during the Russian Civil War. According to John W. Long, “the U.S. intervention in North Russia was a policy formulated by President Wilson during the first half of 1918 at the urgent insistence of Britain, France and Italy, the chief World War I allies” (380).
Nevertheless, there are some other opinions regarding the origins of the Cold War. For example, Geoffrey Barraclough, an outstanding English historian, states that the events in the Far East at the end of the century contributed to the origins of the Cold War. He argues that “during the previous hundred years, Russia and the United States has tended to support each other against England; but now, as England’s power passed its zenith, they came face to face across the Pacific” (Warner 13). According to Barraclough, the Cold War is associated with the conflict of interests, which involved European countries, the Middle East and South East Asia. Finally, this conflict divided the world into two camps. Thus, the Cold War origins are connected with the spread of ideological conflict caused by the emergence of the new power in the early 20-th century (Warner 14). The Cold War outbreak was associated with the spread of propaganda on the United States by the USSR. The propagandistic attacks involved the criticism of the U.S. leaders and their policies. These attacked were harmful to the interests of American nation (Whitton 151).
  • The major causes of the Cold War
The United States and the USSR were regarded as two superpowers during the Cold War, each having its own sphere of influence, its power and forces. The Cold War had been the continuing conflict, caused by tensions, misunderstandings and competitions that existed between the United States and the USSR, as well as their allies from 1945 to the early 1990s (Gottfried 10). Throughout this long period, there was the so-called rivalry between the United States and the USSR, which was expressed through various transformations, including military buildup, the spread of propaganda, the growth of espionage, weapons development, considerable industrial advances, and competitive technological developments in different spheres of human activity, such as medicine, education, space exploration, etc.
There four major causes of the Cold War, which include:
  • Ideological differences (communism v. capitalism);
  • Mutual distrust and misperception;
  • The fear of the United State regarding the spread of communism;
  • The nuclear arms race (Gottfried 10).
The major causes of the Cold War point out to the fact that the USSR was focused on the spread of communist ideas worldwide. The United States followed democratic ideas and opposed the spread of communism. At the same time, the acquisition of atomic weapons by the United States caused fear in the USSR. The use of atomic weapons could become the major reason of fear of both the United States and the USSR. In other words, both countries were anxious about possible attacks from each other; therefore, they were following the production of mass destruction weapons. In addition, the USSR was focused on taking control over Eastern Europe and Central Asia. According to researchers, the USSR used various strategies to gain control over Eastern Europe and Central Asia in the years 1945-1980. Some of these strategies included “encouraging the communist takeover of governments in Eastern Europe, the setting up of Comecon, the Warsaw Pact, the presence of the Red Army in Eastern Europe, and the Brezhnev Doctrine” (Phillips 118). These actions were the major factors for the suspicions and concerns of the United States. In addition, the U.S. President had a personal dislike of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his policies. In general, the United States was concerned by the Soviet Union’s actions regarding the occupied territory of Germany, while the USSR feared that the United States would use Western Europe as the major tool for attack.
  • The consequences of the Cold War
The consequences of the Cold War include both positive and negative effects for both the United States and the USSR.
  • Both the United States and the USSR managed to build up huge arsenals of atomic weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles.
  • The Cold War provided opportunities for the establishment of the military blocs, NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
  • The Cold War led to the emergence of the destructive military conflicts, like the Vietnam War and the Korean War, which took the lives of millions of people (Gottfried13).
  • The USSR collapsed because of considerable economic, political and social challenges.
  • The Cold War led to the destruction of the Berlin Wall and the unification of the two German nations.
  • The Cold War led to the disintegration of the Warsaw Pact (Gottfried 136).
  • The Cold war provided the opportunities for achieving independence of the Baltic States and some former Soviet Republics.
  • The Cold War made the United States the sole superpower of the world because of the collapse of the USSR in 1990.
  • The Cold War led to the collapse of Communism and the rise of globalization worldwide (Phillips 119).
The impact of the Cold War on the development of many countries was enormous. The consequences of the Cold War were derived from numerous internal problems of the countries, which were connected with the USSR, especially developing countries (India, Africa, etc.). This fact means that foreign policies of many states were transformed (Gottfried 115).

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