CIVICS NOTES FORM ONE - OUR NATION

CIVICS NOTES
FORM ONE-TOPIC ONE
OUR NATION
Prepared by Sir.Albert J.Safari
Mobile contact:+255 715 803 005
Mail Address:salbertode@
yahoo.com

When two people of the opposite sex get together as husband and wife, they form a family. A family is social group of people who are closely related to each other. A combination of various families forms a Clan. A group of different clans form tribes who have the same Culture, History and Language. The combination of various tribes makes up the population of a nation.

A Nation can be defined as alarge group or community of people living in a defined geographical area and sharing a common history, culture and language under one government. Examples of nations includeTanzania, Japan, Zimbabwe, India and Uganda. A nation should be recognized by other nations as a sovereign state andshould be free to decide and implement its own policies. It should not be part of another nation nor should it be under the control of another nation.

The Components of our Nation

The Components that Make up our Nation

To be able to analyse the components that make up our nation

For any nation to be recognized as a nation it must have the following components: Sovereignty, People, culture, boundaries and government

Sovereignty

The word “Sovereignty” comes from the Latin word “superanus”, which means “supreme”. Therefore, Sovereignty refers tothe supreme power exercised by anation to control all individuals and associations within itsterritory.

Sovereignty can also be defined as the highest power which belongs to the people. National sovereignty means that a nation is free to decide and implement its decisions without being interfered with by any external forces from other nations. A nation should be able to run its political, economic and social matters independently.

Importance of National sovereignty

• National sovereignty is important because it maintains good relations with other nations through promoting good foreign policies on matters concerning other nations.
• It helps maintain peace and security of a nation through execution of national laws, rules and regulations to prevent civil wars and conflicts with other nations.
• It brings about national stability and encourages investors to invest in a country because a national is free to establish policies that will encourage local and foreign investors to invest in the country.
• Citizens are free from being dominated by other nations because of non-interference in the control of the nation by other countries.

Hindrances to national sovereignty

• Poverty. This is the inability to afford basic needs like food, shelter and clothing which is the main problem faced in many African countries whereby most are economically poor. This results in African countriesdepending on developed countries for help through grants and aid which create conditions that violate the sovereignty of some African countries.
• Civil wars. The fighting between ethnic groups within the same nation can affect the freedom of the nation because when the nation fails to maintain peace and security within the nation, United Nations will intervene to protect human rights.
• Natural hazards. Disasters such as floods, earthquakes and volcanic erruptions undermine the economies of poor countries which in turn hinders national sovereignty since the government cannot depend on its own capabilities and needs toask for assistance from other countries through aid.

Population

Population is the number of people living in a particular defined area. According to the 2010 population survey report, Tanzania has over 40 million people. More than 80% of Tanzania's population lives in rural areas. Tanzania mainland has over 125 ethnic groups. Kiswahili is the common language and the largest population group is Bantu who occupy approximately two-thirds of the country and are divided into many tribes. Within the population is where we can find leaders, citizens and the army which protects the country and builds up a strong nation.

Boundaries

National boundaries are the dividing lines between the area belonging to Tanzania and the area belonging to her neighboring countries. Tanzania was formed on the 26th April 1964. On that day, Tanganyika and Zanzibar united to form thecountry currently known asTanzania. Our country Tanzania covers a total area of 945,202 square kilometersand is bordered by man-made and natural boundaries. Natural boundaries of Tanzania includethe Indian Ocean to the East, Mount Kilimanjaro to the North, Ruvuma River to the South, Lake Nyasa to the south west, and Lake Victoria to the North and Lake Tanganyika to the West.

Tanzania is bordered by eight nations, namely Kenya and Uganda to the North, Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo to the West, Mozambique to the South, Malawi and Zambia to the South West. The Indian Ocean borders Tanzanian’s Eastern side. The islands of Zanzibar and Pemba lie along the coast of Tanzania Mainland.

Map of Tanzania showing the national boundaries.

The Government

The government is an administrative organ of the state. It consists of elected and selected groups of people who are responsible for controlling and maintaining the laws and orders of acountry. The state has three organs which assist each other in fulfilling its functions. These organs are:

1. The Executive.The Executive is the main branch of the central government andcomprises of the president, the cabinet, civil servants and armed forces. The Executive is responsible for administering various activities of the government.
2. Judiciary. Thisorgan functions to interpret the laws and make rulings over disputes in the state.
3. Legislature is the law making body of the state. It is the state organ whose members are elected to represent different constituencies. Some of them are appointed. Legislature is also called parliament and is comprised of the President and the National Assembly. The President is part of the parliament but not a member of the parliament. This is because the president does not participate in parliamentary discussions but participates in the process of making laws by signing the bills to become laws.

Culture

Refers to the customs and beliefs of a particular group of people. It also includes the people`s way of life and social organization.

Exercise 1

Answer the following questions

1. In your own words, explain what you understand by the term Nation and give five examples of the nations you know apart from the examples given above.
2. Suggest five solutions to protect national sovereignty.
3. Draw the map of Tanzania and show its national boundaries.
4. Why is the President of the United Republic of Tanzania said to be part of the parliament but not the member of it in the national assembly?
5. List five national components.

The National Symbols

Tanzania's National Symbols

Identify Tanzania's national symbols

What is a national symbol?

A symbol is a sign that represents something. National symbols are signs which represent a nation. These symbols are very important as they serve as a reminder of our nationhood to us and to the rest of the world; they promote our culture and remind us about events that have taken place in our nation. Tanzania has several symbols; these include tangible things like money, flags and the coat of arms,as well asintangible things like the national anthem and language.

The following are the major national symbols in Tanzania:

1. The national flag
2. Presidential standard
3. The coat of arms
4. National Anthem
5. Uhuru Torch
6. National currency
7. National Language
8. The national Constitution
9. National festivals (holidays) in Tanzania

The Significance of each National Symbol

Explain the significance of each national symbol

The national flag

Anational flag is a piece of cloth with a special colour design. The national flag of Tanganyika was hoisted for the first time on the 9th December, 1961 and that of the United Republic of Tanzania was hoisted for the first time on the 26th April 1964, when Tanganyika and Zanzibar united to form Tanzania. The main function of the national Flag is to show that Tanzania is a completely independent and sovereign nation. Our Flag has four colors; Green, Yellow, Black and Blue.

1. Green represents the land and vegetation of Tanzania
2. Blue represents the ocean and other water bodies found in the country
3. Black represents the people of Tanzania
4. Yellow represent the natural wealth of Tanzania, like minerals

Tanzanian’s national flag.

Importance of national flag

1. It is a symbol of our independence/sovereignty
2. It is a symbol of freedom and unity of the people
3. The National flag is also a symbol of the nationality and a symbol of Tanzania culture

Presidential standard

The presidential standard is a flag which is used during official ceremonies where the president is in attendance. It has a green background with a blue and the coat of arms in the middle. The coat of arms on the presidential standard has no crops, human figure or the peak of Mount Kilimanjaro.

The Presidential standard

The coat of arms

The coat of arms is an official seal or stamp of the government which comprises different colors and landmarks of Tanzania. It act as national badge and, therefore, all government publications bear this official seal. Our coat of arms has twelve components. These components represent various national interests such as state power, economic bases, national culture and history.

Compositions of the coat of arms

The coat of arms comprises of the following things:

1. Two human figures – The man and the woman represent the people of Tanzania. The two figures also symbolize the need for cooperation between men and women in order to bring about development.
2. Two elephant tusks – These represent our national heritage in terms of wildlife. Tanzania has beautiful national parks and game reserves in which different animals and plants are found in their natural habitats.
3. Shield and spears – They represent weapons that were used by Tanzanians to resist colonialism. These weapons represent the readiness of the people to defend their independence
4. Golden band on the upper part of the shield - This represent the mineral wealth of the country
5. Uhuru Torch – It symbolizes freedom, enlightenment, knowledge and prosperity.
6. National Flag –It represent our sovereignty.
7. Red band on the shield- this represent the fertile red soil found in our country
8. Crossed Axe and hoe – These represent the tools which Tanzanians use to develop their country.
9. Sea waves – These represent water bodies found in Tanzania. Approximately 62,000Km square of Tanzanian`s total area is made up of water bodies. This includes the Indian Ocean, rivers, lakes and swamps.
10. Peak of mount Kilimanjaro- This is the highest mount in Tanzania and Africa in general which represents attractive geomorphological features.
11. Crops (cotton and gloves) – At the feet of the man there is a branch of a glove tree. At the feet of the women there is the branch of cotton plant which stands for the cash crops produced in Tanzania.
12. The wards “Uhuru na Umoja” which means freedom and unity express the belief that, Tanzanian`s strength depends on people`s solidarity.

Importance of the coat of arms

1. It is used as the symbol of the authority and official government seal.
2. It symbolizes our national culture and history.
3. It symbolizes state power.

The national coat of arms

National Anthem

This is the official song which reflects people`s national feelings, desire, glory and pride in their nationality. The Tanzanian national anthem is sung during important national occasions such as when a special announcement is made by the president; when foreign heads of states visit our country; When the president or the vice president and the prime minister visit another country officially, and when our national teams are playing against teams of other countries; before and after the president addresses the nation; and when the national flag is hoisted.

Importance of the national anthem

• It is a symbol of our nationality , freedom and it unifies Tanzanians
• It makes citizens feel proud of their country
• National anthem expresses a sense of belonging to Tanzania and Africa
• It identifies Tanzania outside the country.

Uhuru Torch

This is the touch of freedom which also known as independence touch introduced by the first president of Tanzania Mwl. J.K.Nyerere as a symbol of freedom, unity, love, dignity, solidarity and hope among Tanzanians. It was first lit on top of Mount Kilimanjaro at midnight on 9th December 1961. This was the day Tanganyika got independence from Britain.

Importance of Uhuru Torch

1. It symbolizes freedom and light
2. It promotes unity in the country
3. It also promotes peace, dignity, respect and hope among Tanzanians
4. It promotes co-operation among Tanzanians and development in aspects of life

The Uhuru Torch

National currency

Is the system of money that a country uses. Our national currency is the Tanzanian shilling. Currency is also called money. Money is used for measuring value, trading and paying for goods and services in a country. Tanzania money is the form of notes and coins.

Importance of national currency

1. It acts as a medium of exchange in trade transactions that is selling and buying of goods and services in the country
2. It is used to measure value and identify the nationality and freedom of a nation
3. It is the means of settling debts.

National Language

This is the language spoken by all the people within a country. The national language of Tanzania is Kiswahili.

Importance of the national language

1. The national language acts as the media of communication within a county.
2. It symbolizes the culture of the nation concerned which is Tanzania
3. It unifies people with a common history.
4. It also identifies the country internationally

The National Constitution

A national constitution is the system of laws and principles by which the nation is governed by. A constitution provides guidelines which society must follow. Our country Tanzania is ruled according to the constitution that was enacted 1977. Since that time year, it has been undergoing some amendments to suit the contemporary needs.

Importance of the national constitution

1. The government rules by the will of the people through the constitution
2. The constitution is the basic law from which all other laws are created.
3. Under constitution there is separation of power between the executive, the legislature and the judiciary.
4. The constitution provides for elections through which the people elect their representatives in the government
5. The constitution gives people the freedom to enjoy their right.
6. The constitution provides individuals with the mechanism to claim their rights before the courts of law.

The cover of the constitution of Tanzania 1977

Tanzania's National Festivals and their Significance

Identify Tanzania's national festivals and their significance

National festivals are special public days created by the state which exempt people from doing any government or official work and therefore people are expected to rest. In Tanzania these days are called Public holidays.

Types of national days

Religious public days

These days are marked by special religious events or festivals according to the beliefs and faith of particular group of people. In Tanzania there are two dominant religious, namely Christianity and Islamic. The public holidays associated with these religious are;

1. Christmas day - falls on 25th December each year
2. Easter holiday – depends on Christian calendar
3. Eid-el-Fitri and Eid –el-Haj – Depend on Islamic calendar and sighting of the moon
4. Boxing day – Falls on 26th December each year

Political public holidays

These are special days that commemorate events which have profound meaning politically. Sometimes they are known as civic national festivals and holidays Political public holidays in Tanzania are;

1. Independence day – falls on December 9th each year
2. Union day – fall on 26th April each year
3. NaneNane day – Falls on 8th August each year
4. Zanzibar Revolution Day – falls on 12th January each year
5. Nyerere Day – falls on 14th October each year
6. Karume Day – falls on 7th April each year
7. Sabasaba Day – falls on 7th July each year

Universal public days

These are special days for the rest and celebration for all people in the world. These universal holidays are;

1. New Year – falls on 1st January each year
2. Workers day/ labour day – falls on 1st May each year

Importance of national festivals/ public days

The followings are the Importance of national festivals/ public days;

1. These days mark important events in our country
2. The celebration keep the history alive since Tanzania are reminded of what has taken place in their country
3. During these events leaders pass important information to the public
4. Public celebration provides an opportunity for citizens to meet and share views, experience and knowledge.
5. Celebrating together enhance the unity of Tanzanians.
6. Annual celebrations impart on Tanzanians the culture of commemorating important national events.
7. These events helps the leaders to identify problems in the society as citizens highlight their problems through speeches, posters, drama or songs.

Exercise 2

Answer the following questions

• With examples mention three types of national festivals in Tanzania
• When do farmers and traders exhibit their agriculture products, implements and machinery?
• What are the importance of national constitution?
• Mention any five compositions of the coat of arms and explain what each component represent.
• Name various occasions you know where the national
• anthem is always sung.
• The Tanzania national flag has four colors:
• Black represents ---------------------
• Yellow represents -------------------
• Blue represents ---------------------
• Green represents --------------------
• Why is it important to respect national symbols?
• Mention three uses of coat of Arms
• Why do you think it is important to have the union government of Tanzania and Zanzibar?
• When the first constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania was written?

CONJUCTIONS

Conjunctions
Prepared by Sir.Albert J.Safari
Mobile contact:+255 715 803 005
Mail Address:salbertode@
yahoo.com

What is a conjunction?

A conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.

Conjunctions are considered to be invariable grammar particle, and they may or may not stand between items they conjoin.

Types of conjunctions
There are three types of conjunctions :
i. coordinating,
ii. subordinating and
iii. correlative conjunctions.

Coordinating;
Coordinating conjunctions connect two words or groups of words with similar values. They may connect two words, two phrases, two independent clauses or two dependent clauses.

For example, in each of the following sentences the coordinating conjunction “and" connects equal words or groups of words:
Connects two words: John and Reggie stayed up all night practicing their guitars.
Connects two phrases: The squirrel scurried up the tree trunk and onto a low branch.
Connects two clauses: Several managers sat with their backs to us, and I could almost hear them snickering at us lowly workers.

There are only seven coordinating conjunctions in the English language, and they are often remembered by using the acronym “FANBOYS": for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so.

Subordinating
Subordinating conjunctions connect two groups of words by making one into a subordinating clause. The subordinating clause acts as one huge adverb, answering the questions “when" or “why" about the main clause, or imposing conditions or opposition on it.
Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions changing a clause into adverbial subordinating clauses in different ways:

I can go shopping after I finish studying for my exam. (when)
Because the night was young, Gertrude decided to take a walk. (why)
I’ll give you a dime if you give me a dollar. (condition)
Although he never figured out why, Hanna winked on her way out the door. (opposition)
Note: The subordinating conjunction does not always come between the two clauses it connects. Often, it comes at the beginning of the first clause.

Correlative
Correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. They are similar to coordinating conjunctions because they join sentence elements that are similar in importance.

The following are some examples of coordinating conjunctions:
Both, and: Both Rodney and Xing made the varsity team this year.
Neither, nor: Neither Rodney nor Xing made the varsity team this year.
Not only, but also: Not only did Rodney make the varsity team, but he also become one of the strongest players.

Conjunction Exercises
The following exercises will help you gain greater understanding about how conjunctions work. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. My brother loves animals. He just brought a puppy __________ a kitten home with him.
1. But
2. Or
3. Yet
4. And
Answer: 4. My brother loves animals. He just brought a puppy and a kitten home with him.
2. I’d like to thank you ______ the lovely gift.
1. Or
2. For
3. And
4. Yet
Answer: 2. I’d like to thank you for the lovely gift.
3. I want to go for a hike _____ I have to go to work today.
1. But
2. Yet
3. Or
4. For
Answer: 1. I want to go for a hike but I have to go to work today.
4. They do not smoke, _____ do they play cards.
1. And
2. Or
3. Nor
4. Yet
Answer: 3. They do not smoke, nor do they play cards.
5. I’m getting good grades _________ I study every day.
1. Or
2. Yet
3. But
4. Because
Answer: 4. I’m getting good grades because I study every day.

ALOMOFU

Alomofu (kutoka Kiingereza "allomorph") ni msamiati uliotumika kwanza kuelezea mabadiliko ya
muundo wa kikemia. Mwaka 1948 Fatih Şat na Sibel Merve walianza kuutumia upande wa lugha katika kitabu chao Language XXIV.

Dhana yake
Dhana ya alomofu ni dhana inayojadiliwa katika isimu ya lugha.

Dhana hii hujadiliwa sana katika
mofolojia ya lugha yaani, sarufi maumbo .

Kimsingi huwezi kupata dhana kamili na inayoeleweka kama huwezi kuhusianisha alomofu na
mofimu. Ndiyo maana fasili ya alomofu kwa maana ya kikamusi inaweza kuwa:

1. Umbo jingine la mofimu ileile
2. Aina mbalimbali za mofimu moja

Ukiangalia maana hizo mbili za neno alomofu utabaini uhusiano wa neno hilo na mofimu. Yaani huwezi kutaja Alomofu kama huwezi kuhusisha mofimu.

Kwa ujumla, kilugha, dhana ya alomofu huweza kufasirika kama: "Maumbo zaidi ya moja yanayowakilisha mofimu moja kisarufi". Kwa mujibu wa
wanaisimu neno hili limegawanyika kama ifuatavyo:

ALO = Zaidi ya moja
MOFU = Ni kipashio cha kimofolojia kiwakilishacho mofimu.

Mofu ni umbo ambalo huweza kuandikwa watu wanapoandika maneno, pia huweza kutamkwa watu wanapotamka maneno.
Tazama mfano wa maneno yafuatayo:

Mtoto = Neno hili lina mofu mbili, ambazo ni M - toto

Analima = Neno hili lina mofu tatu , ambazo ni: A- na - lim - a

Baba = Neno hili lina mofu moja ambayo ni: Baba

Kumbuka: baadhi ya wanaisimu wanaamini kuwa hata mzizi wa neno ni mofu pia.

Namna ya kuzitambua alomofu
Ukirejea katika mofimu, utakuta mofimu huweza kufanya kazi tofauti katika neno.

Mofimu huweza kudokeza
nafsi , wakati, umoja au wingi wa
nomino na hata kauli mbalimbali za
kitenzi .

Mfano:
Anacheza = A-na-chez-a
Tuliondoka = Tu -li-ondok-a
Wanaita = Wa -na-it-a

Katika mfano huo, mofimu zilizokozwa
wino ni mofimu zinazodokeza nafsi. Kwa hiyo, tunapopata mofimu tofauti, yaani zenye maumbo tofauti lakini zinafanya kazi moja kisarufi huitwa ALOMOFU. Kwa mfano huo, hapo A, Tu na Wa tutaziita ni Alomofu za nafsi.
Tazama mfano wa pili:

Mtoto = M -toto,
Watoto = Wa -toto,
Mwalimu = Mw -alimu

Katika mfano huo, maneno yaliyokozwa wino ambayo ni M , Wa na Mw ni mofimu zinazodokeza umoja na wingi wa nomino. Kwa kuwa maumbo ya mofimu hizo ni tofauti lakini hufanya kazi moja kisarufi, ndiyo maana tunaziita Alomofu.

Mazingira yanayosababisha kutokea kwa alomofu:

Alomofu hutokana na mazingira tofautitofauti.

Alomofu zinaweza kutokana na mazingira yafuatayo:

Kifonolojia
Hapa tunaweza kuona mifano ya mazingira yanayoweza kutokea kwa mofimu na alomofu zake katika
unyambulishaji wa vitenzi vya Kiswahili .

Mfano: Kutendeka
Piga -               Pig- ik-a
Cheza -            Chez- ek -a
Zoa -                 Zo- lek-a
Chukua -           Chuku- lik -a

Hapo mofimu ik inayobainisha dhana ya kutendeka ina Alomofu nne , ambazo ni: Ik, ek, lek na lik

Kileksika
Hapa tunaweza kuona mofimu na alomofu zake katika ngeli za majina. Kwa mfano, katika ngeli ya kwanza na ya pili yaani, m/wa

Mfano
M -tu -                   wa -tu
M -ke -                   wa -ke
Mw -alimu -           wa -alimu
Mu -uguzi -             wa -uguzi

Katika mfano huo, tunaona mofimu m yenye dhana ya umoja ina alomofu tatu ambazo ni: M , Mw na Mu.

Kisarufi
Hapa tunapata mofimu na alomofu zake katika mofimu ya njeo (wakati).

Mofimu ya nje inawakilishwa na alomofu zifuatazo:
A- na -pika = Wakati uliopo
A- li -pika = Wakati uliopita
A- ta -pika = Wakati ujao

Hapo alomofu za njeo ni: na , li , na ta

DHANA YA MOFU

DHANA YA MOFU
Mofu ni umbo kietimolojia
Mofimu ni maana (kabla ya kuja kwa sarufi mamboleo neno mofimu lilitumika kwa maana ya umbo na maana, dhana hii ilianzishwa na mtaalamu wa Isimu aitwaye Noam homsky lakini baadaye ikaamuliwa kuwa Mofimu itumike kuukilia maana kwa sababu kietimolojia mofimu hmaanisha maana – elementi dhahania.
Alo = zaidi ya moja (mf. Alomofu = maumbo zaidi ya moja yanayowakilisha mofimu (maana) moja kisarufi).
NB: Maana ya kietimolojia ni fasili ya neno au kitu kutoka kwenye lugha yake ya asili.

MOFU
Ni kipashio cha kimofolojia kinachosetiri mofimu (maana).

Mofu ni umbo ambalo huweza kuandikwa watu wanapoandika maneno na pia huweza kutamkwa watu wanapotamka maneno.

Kwa hiyo neno lolote lenye maana sharti liwe na mofu angalau moja kwa msingi kwamba maana ni elementi dhahania ambayo hubebwa na umbo fulani.

AINA ZA MOFU
Mofu huainishwa kwa kuzingatia vigezo viwili ambavyo ni:

Maana inayobebwa na mofu na
Mofolojia ya mofu.

Aina za mofu kwa kigezo cha maana
Kigezo hiki kina aina tatu za mofu ambazo ni mofu huru, mofu funge na mofu tata

1.Mofu huru
Hizi ni mofu ambazo husimama kama maneno kamili yanayojitosheleza kimuundo na kitaarifa.
mf. Baba, mama, safi, Sali, kaka, n.k

2.Mofu funge/tegemezi
Ni vijisehemu vya neno vinavyojiegemeza kwenye mzizi wa neno ili kutoa taarifa fulani. Kila kipande cha neno ni mofu funge.
mf.
Anaimba = A-na-imb-a
Tuliochezeana = Tu-li-o-chez-ean-a

3.Mofu Tata
Hizi ni mofu ambazo zikitumiwa katika maneno huleta utata, hufanya neno liwe na maana zaidi ya moja.
Mf:
Juma aliwacheze a wanangu
Katika tungo hiyo kuna utata wa kimaana ambao unabebwa na neno
aliwachezea . Kimsingi utata katika neno hilo unasababishwa na kauli ya kutendea ambayo imebebwa na mofu –e- ya utendea. Maana zinazoletwa na mofu hiyo ya utendea ni kuwa ukisema Juma aliwachezea wanangu
wanaokusikiliza wanaweza kuelewa kuwa:
(i) Juma alicheza ili kuwafurahisha watoto
(ii) Juma alicheza kwa niaba ya watoto
(iii) Juma aliwaroga watoto
(iv) Juma aliwafanyia watoto tendo la udhalilishaji
Maana zote hizo zinaletwa na mofu – e- na hiyo ndio tunaiita mofu tata.

Aina za mofu kwa kigezo cha mofolojia
Hapa tunapata aina mbili za mofu za mofu ambazo ni mofu changamano na mofu kapa

4.Mofu Changamano
Mofu changamano huundwa kwa kuweka pamoja mzizi au shina zaidi ya moja ili kuunda neno moja. Katika hali ya kawaida kila moja ya mizizi hiyo huweza kusimama peke yake na kuunda neno lake.
Mf.
Mwana + nchi
Mwana + chama
Askari + kanzu

5.Mofu Kapa
Ni maumbo ambayo hayadhihiriki kimatamshi (kifonolojia) wala kimaandishi (kiothografia) lakini athari zake zipo akilini mwa wazungumzaji. Katika maandishi mofu hizi huwakilishwa na msimbo (alama) θ. Katika Kiswahili kuna mofu kapa za umoja na za wingi.
mf. 1
Umoja
Wingi
θ+sanduku ma+sanduku
θ+debe ma+debe
θ+chungwa ma+chungwa
mf. 2
Umoja wingi
U+nywele θ+nywele
U+kucha θ+kucha
U+funguo θ+funguo
Katika mfano wa kwanza (1) hakuna mofu za umoja lakini za wingi zipo na katika mfano wa pili (2) mofu za umoja zipo na za wingi hazipo. Kwa hiyo mtu akisema “ …niletee sanduku ” inajulikana ni sanduku moja na akisema, “ …niletee masanduku” inajulikana ni zaidi ya moja. Hali kadhalika ukiambiwa funguo ni tofauti na ukiambiwa ufunguo. Mofu kapa huwa akilini mwa wasemaji wa lugha.